The annex to that paper documents case studies across Norway, France, Denmark, Germany and the Netherlands where tenders attracted one or two bids, in some instances none, leading to higher premiums, coverage gaps or delays. In Norway, one public entity reported premiums rising by approximately 129% since 2020 while insured values increased by about 5%. In France, a public agency with risk exposure exceeding €400 million received only two property damage offers, with annual premiums quoted at €500,000 and €1 million.
